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will be down at times on those day (and possibly the next). (caldwell@utm.edu)
The smallest reflectable prime. The eighteenth century mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange spent much of his life working on the 3-Body Problem. The first in a pair of primes of the form (p, p + 4) called cousin primes. The smallest Fibonacci prime. It is the only Fibonacci prime containing a composite index number. A mark on a small circle, rolling inside one with three times the diameter, traces out a 3-cusped hypocycloid. Euler called it a deltoid because of its resemblance to the Greek letter delta. 23 + 3 are primes. [Brown] The integer part of 333/333 is prime! [Kulsha] Choose a prime number greater than 3. Multiply it by itself and add 14. If the result is divided by 12, then the remainder will always be 3. If N = p3, where p is prime, then N is multiplicatively perfect. [Gudder] The smallest Fortunate number. Captain Kirk and Spock played chess 3 times on the television series Star Trek. Kirk won every game.
Vinogradov's theorem states that all sufficiently large odd numbers are the sum of at most 3 primes. Divisibility test for 3: A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3. (The same is true for nine.) [Greene] The smallest Fermat prime. Every Carmichael number is the product of at least 3 distinct primes. [Menezes , Oorschot and Vanstone] The "Three-Fold Law" is a common tenet in Wicca that states that both the good and the evil that one creates in the world comes back to benefit or hurt them -- magnified 3 times over. Racing legend Dale Earnhardt drove car number 3. Octopuses have 3 hearts. In base three the only permutable primes are 12 and 21. 33 = 32 + 32 + 32. [Rivera] Nicola Tesla (1856--1943), inventor, electrical engineer, and physicist, was obsessed with the number 3. For example, it was not uncommon to see him walk around a block 3 times before entering a building. The Associated Press once reported that a dog was born in Gallatin, Tennessee, with the number 3 on its ears. An odd amicable pair with only one member divisible by 3 has not been found. There's a famous paper by Li and Yorke titled Period Three Implies Chaos. We all know that 32 + 42 = 52 ... but less well-known is 33 + 43 + 53 = 63. [Goldstein] The only prime, p, such that p + 1 is a square. If White's chess pieces are on their original squares and Black has only a king on h4, then White can checkmate Black in 3 moves. [Loyd] The only triangular number which is prime. [Gupta] The 3-toed sloth reaches sexual maturity at about 3 years of age. [Jinsuk] The number of bits required to represent an instruction in BF, the minimalist eight-instruction Turing-complete computer programming language. [Croll] The True Prime: "If I tell you 3 times, it's true." -- Lewis Carroll We live on the 3rd planet from the Sun. [Levin] There are 3 counties in Delaware. [Litman] 3 is the only number which is equal to the sum of all the natural numbers less than it. [Murthy] The earliest horses had 3 toes on their rear feet. [Marsh] The German card game Skat requires 3 players. [Luhn] The only prime whose factorial is a perfect number. [Murthy] The largely self-taught Indian genius Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920) proposed that sqrt(1 + sqrt(1 + 2*sqrt(1 + 3*sqrt(1 + 4*sqrt(1 + ...))))) = 3. The only prime sandwiched between a prime and a composite number. [Murthy] Aulacogens are the failed rifts of 3-armed rift systems. 3 is the only prime p such that p2 + 2 is prime. [Luhn] The only Fermat number which is also a triangular number. [Gupta] The only Fibonacci prime that is also a triangular number. [Russo]
The only prime p, such that p = The smallest prime p such that the previous prime concatenated with the next prime forms a square (25). [De Geest] The 3 periods of the Mesozoic Era were the Triassic, the Jurassic, and the Cretaceous. [Dobb] On Earth, water exists naturally in all 3 phases; solid, liquid and gas. [Wagler] 3 is the only integer n such that n!+1 and n!-1 are both primes. [Gupta] There are 3 operations in the encryption process for the Even-Mansour cipher: an initial exclusive or, a permutation and a final exclusive or. [Croll] In the fifth and all higher dimensions there are only 3 regular polytopes. [Rupinski] There are 3 additive primary colors (red, green, and blue) and 3 subtractive primary colors (cyan, magenta, and yellow). (2^(p-1)-1)/p is congruent to 0 (mod 3), for all primes p greater than 3. This is a corollary to Fermat's Little Theorem. [Dunn] 3 is the only positive integer n which is the difference between the least prime greater than n and the greatest prime less than n. [Hartley] Terza rima is a verse form composed of iambic tercets (3-line groupings). [Palmer] 3! + 3 = 32. [Woep] 2^{2^1}-1=3; 2^{2^2}-1 can be written as the sum of a prime power and two distinct powers of two in exactly 3 ways (namely, 2+2^2+3^2, 2^2+2^3+3, 2+2^3+5); 2^{2^3}-1=2^2+2^3+3^5=2+2^7+5^3. For any integer n>3, 2^{2^n}-1 cannot be expressed as the sum of a prime power and two distinct powers of two. [Zhi-Wei Sun] DSL Prime news is distributed 3 times a month. 3 is the only prime which is a member of both the Fibonacci and Lucas sequences. [Rupinski] No rare number ending in 3 has ever been found. [Gupta] The greatest number of consecutive integers which are pairwise relatively prime. [Rupinski] As at February 2003, 3 and 13 are the only known prime numbers n for which the number of n-ominoes is also prime. [Hartley] The Pythagoreans considered 3 to be the first masculine number. The function n^(1/n) achieves its maximum value for integers n at n = 3. [Rupinski] According to the quadratic reciprocity theorem, if p and q are distinct primes of the form 4k+3, then exactly one of the following congruences is solvable in integers: x^2 = p mod q or x^2 = q mod p. [Rupinski] 3 and 103 are prime, as are 3*2^103-1 and 103*2^3-1. There is no other pair of primes less than 1000 with this property. [Hartley] The only Sophie Germain Prime p of the form 4k+3 such that Mp is prime. All larger Mp for such p are composite as shown by Euler and Lagrange. [Rupinski] 3 is the only time that 2/3rds or 66.6....% of numbers to that point are prime. [Gust] 3 is the earliest prime p such that p^5 is the sum of 5 consecutive primes: 3^5 = 41 + 43 + 47 + 53 + 59. [Rivera] The logo of Hutchison 3G is prime. [Patterson] NUMB3RS is an American television show that airs on CBS. In one episode called Prime Suspect, a young girl's kidnapping is related to her father's work on the Riemann hypothesis. 3 is the smallest prime such that if F(p) = 2*p^2-1, then F(3), F(F(3)), and F(F(F(3))) are all primes. [Opao] The smallest possible Proth prime, k*2n+1 with k < 2n, here k=1, n=1. [Rupinski] The only number (curiously prime) whose subfactorial is also prime. [Gupta]
3 is the value of !3 + 1 is prime. Note that !3 represents subfactorial 3. [Gupta] The only twin prime triplet starts at 3. I.e., 3+2 and 3+2+2 are also prime. [Opao] The only cousin prime triplet starts at 3. I.e., 3+4 and 3+4+4 are also prime. [Opao] 3 teaspoons make up one tablespoon. 3 is the first Mersenne prime. [Rajh] A codon is a 3-nucleotide sequence. [Necula] Texas state law prohibits taking more than 3 sips of beer at a time while standing. [Patterson] 1!*2!*3! + 1 are twin primes. [Gupta]
Among integers, the prime number 3 is the best approximate for three important transcendental numbers: 3 is the only prime number with a digital root of 3. [McAlee] There are only 3 non-trivial pseudoprimes less than a hundred (49, 77, 91). [McAlee] There are only 3 irregular primes less than 100: 37, 59, 67. [McAlee] 3#!-1 is prime. [Patterson]
There are 3 complex terms in a quaternion. [Croll] The smallest prime of the form x^2 - y^2, where x and y are two consecutive numbers. [Teofilatto] 3^2, 3^3, 3^4, and 3^5 have the same sum of digits. [Gallardo] 3 is the first prime Delannoy number. [Post] There exists 3 and only 3 groups (or generations) of quark couples as well as those of lepton couples that comprise the entire family of elementary particles of matter known as fermions. [Beedassy] The smallest Gaussian prime. [Beedassy] The smallest prime with a prime subscript. [Beedassy] The ancient Indian mathematician Brahmagupta to describe the law of proportion used the term "Rule of Three." Abraham Lincoln and Charles Darwin each mentioned the rule of three in famous quotes, but perhaps less known is the fact that they were born on the exact same day (February 12, 1809). The smallest triadic prime. [Capelle] If n is any odd integer > 1, and x is any positive integer, then x^n - x is a multiple of 3. [Lee] The smallest prime with prime period continued fraction for its square root. [Beedassy] The only odd prime that cannot be the arithmetic average of two primes. [Silva] The only 'unwanted' number, as in "three's a crowd!" The only value of p such that p and p + 2 are twin primes and p(p + 2) + p - 1 and p(p + 2) + p + 1 are also twin primes. [Opao] The terms of the sequence 3/2, (5 + 7)/(2 + 3), (7 + 11 + 13)/(2 + 3 + 5), (11 + 13 + 17 + 19)/(2 + 3 + 5 + 7), etc., converge to 3 as the primes used approaches infinity. There are 3 sets of chromosomes in the mosquito. [Anopheles]
The smallest prime p such that
The only odd prime that is a highly abundant number. [Beedassy] The National Basketball Association adopted the 3-point field goal in 1979. [Lee] The first lucky prime. Since these integers are lucky enough to repeatedly appear in this book, let's take a moment to define them. Start with the list of natural numbers: 1, 2, 3, ... , and cross out every second number. The second number not crossed out is 3, so cross out every third number, leaving 1, 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, .... The third number left is 7, so cross out every seventh number---repeat forever. What remains is the sequence of "lucky numbers:" 1, 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 21, 25, 31, 33, 37, 43, 49, 51, 63, 67, 69, .... Ulam (1909-1984) investigated these numbers and found a strong resemblance to primes.
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