The Prime Glossary: Cunningham chain

Cunningham chain
(another Prime Pages' Glossary entries)

Glossary:

Prime Pages:

Top 5000:

Recall that a Sophie Germain prime is a prime p such that q=2p+1 is also prime. Why not also ask that r=2q+1 is prime, and 2r+1 is prime, and...? A Cunningham chain of length k (of the first kind) is sequence of k primes, each which is twice the preceding one plus one. For example, {2, 5, 11, 23, 47} and {89, 179, 359, 719, 1439, 2879}.

A Cunningham chain of length k (of the second kind) is a sequence of k primes, each which is twice the preceding one minus one. (For example, {2, 3, 5} and {1531, 3061, 6121, 12241, 24481}.)

Primes of both these forms are called complete chains if they can not be extended by adding either the next larger, or smaller, terms. In the following table (from [Loh89]) we list the first complete chains for several lengths.

Prime at which the first complete chain starts
length first kind second kind

1 13 11

2 3 7

3 41 2

4 509 2131

5 2 1531

6 89 385591

7 1122659 16651

8 19099919 15514861

9 85864769 857095381

10 26089808579 205528443121

11 665043081119 1389122693971

12 554688278429 216857744866621

13 4090932431513069 758083947856951

How long can these chains get? The prime k-tuple conjecture implies that there should be infinitely many for each of these primes. In fact, the the number less than x should be asymptotic to

where

The sequence B_k begins approximately 1.32032 (k=2), 2.85825, 5.553491, 20.2636, 71.9622, 233.878, 677.356.

Tony Forbes has found chains of length 14 (for the first kind) and 16 (for the second kind). See the links below for current records.

Note that some authors extend the definition of Cunningham Chain to all sequences of primes p_i the form p_i+1 = ap_i+b where a and b are fixed, relatively prime integers with a > 1.

Related pages (outside of this work)

The Twenty largest Cunningham Chains of the first kind
The Twenty largest Cunningham Chains of the second kind
Links about Cunningham chains from the Prime Links++

References:

Cunningham1907
A. Cunnningham, "On hyper-even numbers and on Fermat's numbers," Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., series 2, 5 (1907) 237--274.
Guy94 (SectionA7)
R. K. Guy, Unsolved problems in number theory, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 1994. ISBN 0-387-94289-0. MR 96e:11002 [An excellent resource! Guy briefly describes many open questions, then provides numerous references.]
Lehmer1965
D. H. Lehmer, "On certain chains of primes," Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., series 3, 14a (1965) 183--186. MR 31:2222
Loh89
G. Löh, "Long chains of nearly doubled primes," Math. Comp., 53 (1989) 751-759. MR 90e:11015 (Abstract available) (Annotation available)
Ribenboim95 (p 333)
P. Ribenboim, The new book of prime number records, 3rd edition, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 1995. pp. xxiv+541, ISBN 0-387-94457-5. MR 96k:11112 [An excellent resource for those with some college mathematics. Basically a Guinness Book of World Records for primes with much of the relevant mathematics. The extensive bibliography is seventy-five pages.]
Yates82
S. Yates, Repunits and repetends, Star Publishing Co., Inc., Boynton Beach, Florida, 1982. pp. vi+215, MR 83k:10014