strong probable prime

One way to make the Fermat probable primality test more accurate is to write n-1=2sd where d is odd and s is nonnegative. Then n is a strong probable-prime base a (an a-SPRP) if either ad = 1 (mod n) or (ad)2r = -1 (mod n) for some nonnegative r less than s.

All integers n greater than one which fail this test are composite; integers that pass it might be prime. The smallest odd composite SPRPs are the following.

baseall composite SPRPs less than 20,000percentage
2 2047, 3277, 4033, 4681, 8321, 15841 0.07 %
3 121, 703, 1891, 3281, 8401, 8911, 10585, 12403, 16531, 18721, 19345 0.14 %
5 781, 1541, 5461, 5611, 7813, 13021, 14981, 15751 0.10 %
7 25, 325, 703, 2101, 2353, 4525, 11041, 14089 0.10 %
11 133, 793, 2047, 4577, 5041, 12403, 13333, 14521, 17711 0.11 %
13 85, 1099, 5149, 7107, 8911, 9637, 13019, 14491, 17803, 19757 0.12 %
17 9, 91, 145, 781, 1111, 2821, 4033, 4187, 5365, 5833, 6697, 7171, 15805, 19729 0.18 %
19 9, 49, 169, 343, 1849, 2353, 2701, 4033, 4681, 6541, 6697, 7957, 9997, 12403, 13213, 13747, 15251, 16531, 18769, 19729 0.25 %
23 169, 265, 553, 1271, 2701, 4033, 4371, 4681, 6533, 6541, 7957, 8321, 8651, 8911, 9805, 14981, 18721 0.21 %
29 15, 91, 341, 469, 871, 2257, 4371, 4411, 5149, 6097, 8401, 11581, 12431, 15577, 16471, 19093 0.20 %
31 15, 49, 133, 481, 931, 6241, 8911, 9131, 10963, 11041, 14191, 17767 0.15 %
37 9, 451, 469, 589, 685, 817, 1333, 3781, 8905, 9271, 18631, 19517 0.15 %
41 21, 231, 671, 703, 841, 1281, 1387, 1417, 2701, 3829, 8321, 8911, 10933, 13019, 14091 0.19 %
43 21, 25, 185, 925, 1541, 1807, 3281, 3439, 3781, 4417, 7081, 8857, 10609, 11989, 14089, 18721 0.20 %
47 65, 85, 221, 341, 703, 721, 1105, 1891, 2257, 2465, 5461, 9361, 9881, 15769, 19669 0.19 %
53 9, 27, 91, 1405, 1441, 1541, 2209, 2863, 3367, 3481, 5317, 6031, 9409, 11359, 14833, 17141, 17461 0.21 %
59 15, 451, 1141, 1247, 1541, 1661, 1991, 2413, 3097, 4681, 5611, 6191, 7421, 8149, 9637, 10081, 10217, 12083, 13981 0.24 %
61 15, 217, 341, 1261, 2701, 3661, 6541, 6697, 7613, 13213, 16213 0.14 %
67 33, 49, 217, 703, 1519, 2209, 2245, 6119, 8371, 11521, 12403, 14981, 18721 0.16 %
71 9, 35, 1387, 1921, 2071, 2209, 2321, 6541, 7957, 8365, 8695, 9809, 10349, 11041, 13747, 16589 0.20 %
73 9, 65, 205, 259, 533, 1441, 1921, 2665, 3439, 5257, 15457 0.14 %
79 39, 49, 91, 301, 559, 637, 1649, 2107, 2701, 3913, 6533, 7051, 8321, 9881, 12001, 14491, 14981, 16721, 17753, 19951 0.25 %
83 21, 65, 231, 265, 689, 703, 1241, 3445, 4411, 6973, 8421, 12871, 15883, 18721 0.18 %
89 9, 15, 45, 169, 1035, 1441, 2611, 2977, 3961, 4187, 5461, 6697, 7107, 7601, 7711, 11521, 12403 0.21 %
97 49, 341, 469, 481, 949, 973, 2701, 3283, 4187, 4371, 4705, 6811, 8023, 8119, 8911, 9313, 10585, 14981, 18487 0.24 %
101 25, 51, 91, 259, 481, 561, 2431, 3367, 6649, 6697, 7701, 9073, 12403, 13333, 15221, 16471, 19951 0.21 %

A test based on these results is quite fast, especially when combined with trial division by the first few primes. If you have trouble programming these results, Riesel [Riesel94] has PASCAL code for a SPRP test and Bressoud [Bressoud89] has pseudocode.

Individually these tests are still weak (there are infinitely many a-SPRP's for every base a > 1), but we can combine these individual tests to make powerful tests for small integers n:

If we do not require that the bases be consecutive primes, we have:

See Also: PRP, Pseudoprime, FrobeniusPseudoprime, MillersTest

Related pages (outside of this work)

References:

Bressoud89
D. M. Bressoud, Factorizations and primality testing, Springer-Verlag, 1989.  New York, NY, ISBN 0387970401. MR 91e:11150 [QA161.F3B73]
Jaeschke93
G. Jaeschke, "On strong pseudoprimes to several bases," Math. Comp., 61 (1993) 915-926.  MR 94d:11004
PSW80
C. Pomerance, J. L. Selfridge and Wagstaff, Jr., S. S., "The pseudoprimes to 25 · 109," Math. Comp., 35:151 (1980) 1003-1026.  MR 82g:10030
Ribenboim95
P. Ribenboim, The new book of prime number records, 3rd edition, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 1995.  pp. xxiv+541, ISBN 0-387-94457-5. MR 96k:11112 [An excellent resource for those with some college mathematics. Basically a Guinness Book of World Records for primes with much of the relevant mathematics. The extensive bibliography is seventy-five pages.]
Riesel94
H. Riesel, Prime numbers and computer methods for factorization, Progress in Mathematics Vol, 126, Birkhäuser Boston, Boston, MA, 1994.  ISBN 0-8176-3743-5. MR 95h:11142 [An excellent reference for those who want to start to program some of these algorithms. Code is provided in Pascal. Previous edition was vol. 57, 1985.]
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